2009年4月27日星期一

Tea Dictionary Genmaicha


Genmai cha: Genmai cha also known as brown rice tea is the Japanese name for green tea combined with roasted brown rice. It is sometimes referred to colloquially as "popcorn tea" because a few grains of the rice pop during the roasting process and resemble popcorn . This type of tea was originally drunk by poor Japanese, as the rice served as a filler and reduced the price of the tea; which is why it is also known as the "people's tea". Today it is consumed by all segments of society.
玄米茶:也称糙米茶,是日本人对加入了烘炒的糙米的绿茶的称谓。有时也被通俗的叫做爆米花茶,因为在烘培过程中个别米粒炸开了,跟爆米花一样,因此得名。这种茶最初是贫穷的日本人喝的,糙米被当作填料加入以降低茶叶的价格,这也是为什么玄米茶被称做大众茶的原因。如今,玄米茶被社会的各个阶层饮用。

香霖谈小注:
1)关于什么是糙米
记得很多年前在网上看到一位旅居美国的素友介绍自己的素食经验,在他的文章里我第一次见到“糙米(Brown rice)”这个词,当时还误以为是棕色的大米,颇是好笑。
那么什么是糙米呢?糙米是稻谷只脱去最外层的壳,保留了种皮和胚芽的米。一粒糙米就是一粒种子,当温度和湿度适宜的时候,糙米是能够发芽的,因此它是有着生机与活力的米。
而我们最熟悉的白米是糙米经过再加工,脱去了种皮和胚芽层而得到的精米,它仅仅是稻谷最里面的胚乳部分。
因为稻米中所含的大部分蛋白质、维生素、矿物质和纤维素都集中在种皮层和胚芽层,所以精加工之后的白米失去了除碳水化合物之外的大部分营养素。显而易见,糙米比白米中所含的营养要丰富得多,而这些营养对维护人体健康起到了至关重要的作用。另外,由于糙米中富含纤维素,人体消化吸收速度慢,因而血糖上升速度慢,能使血糖更加稳定。而且丰富的膳食纤维还能够加速肠道蠕动,防止便秘,促进毒素的排出。

2)玄米茶为何在日韩深受喜爱
玄米茶既有日本传统绿茶淡淡的幽香,又蕴含特制的烘炒米香。恬静而淡雅,温馨又醇和。所以,在高速运行的现代生活中,玄米茶在日本和韩国极受上班族的青睐。玄米茶是极具特色的一种茶叶,与其他任何茶类都无任何相似之处。它的香气极具特色,它不仅蕴含普通绿茶的芳香,而且又有沁人心脾的米香。从口感和嗅觉冲击力上看,玄米茶都极具竞争力。

3) 玄米茶,大麦茶之区别
玄米茶和大麦茶都是日本茶,但是他们是完全不一样的。玄米茶是日本绿茶(生茶,或者叫煎茶或蒸青茶)和玄米的有机融合而成,而大麦茶是没有茶叶的,其实就是单纯的焙大麦。我们去餐馆能够经常喝到大麦茶,却很少能喝到玄米茶,主要是因为价格,因为大麦茶非常便宜。 而从口味上看,玄米茶则远优于大麦茶。目前玄米茶在味千拉面、仙踪林、料理店中广泛使用。

Tea Dictionary F

Firing: The method of rapidly firing the tealeaf with hot air or in a hot pan in order
to quickly cease fermentation and dry the leaf.

烘培:用热空气或者在热平底锅中快速去除茶叶中的水分的一种方法,目的是为了快速停止发酵,去除水分。

Flavored tea: Tea that has been scented and flavored with spices or flavors, which
may include cinnamon, orange rind, or Bergamot oil, to name a few.

风味茶:用各种香料和调味剂使茶具备各种香气,风味独特,包括使用肉桂,橙皮,香柠檬等等。

香霖谈小注:不少地方把Flavored tea翻译成加香茶,调味茶我以为翻译成“风味茶”更贴切,而Spiced tea翻译成“调味茶”更好,比方说我们常见的Rose-flavored tea. Litchi-flavored black tea,翻译成玫瑰风味茶,和荔枝风味红茶,总比玫瑰加香茶,荔枝加香红茶更顺口,更贴切。感觉在日常使用中Flavored tea 和Spiced tea 并无多大区别,相比之下使用flavored tea 更多些。
茶叶术语有必要正规化,走向统一,对此我们业内人士和翻译工作者必须态度严谨。

Formosa or Formosa oolong: An Oolong tea produced in Taiwan, which is considered the champagne of tea.
台湾乌龙茶:产自台湾的乌龙茶,被视为茶中香槟。

香霖谈小注:
1)关于台湾乌龙
台湾乌龙也称福摩萨乌龙,Formosa(福摩萨)是十六世纪葡萄牙殖民者对台湾的旧称,很多时候Formosa就是台湾乌龙茶的意思,好比Keemun就是祁门红茶的意思。

台湾乌龙茶广受全球茶市场的喜爱。自晚清开港,历经日治时代到国民党政府初期,茶叶一直是台湾外销创汇的主力,那时台湾的茶叶,绝大部分外销。但自七十年代起,台湾经济开始腾飞,这二万多吨乌龙茶,大都被台湾人自己喝掉了。

在台湾乌龙茶如日中天的时代,外销三箱,总重四十五公斤的「东方美人──白毫乌龙茶」,可以换一栋「楼仔厝」,就是一栋楼房,东方美人据说专门供应英国王室。即使到了八十年代,台湾岛上得到「特等奖」的茶,动辄数万元一斤的行情,也让寻常百姓,买不下手。

2)关于茶中香槟
champagne of tea(茶中香槟)这个头衔现在往往被冠于大吉岭(Darjeeling),而不少人也都知道茶中勃艮第(Burgundy of tea)是我们的祁门红茶(Keemun),我想是因为这个称谓早已被冠之于祁门,所以后来的大吉岭只能是香槟了~~~

2009年4月24日星期五

Tea Dictionary( F )Fair Trade Tea


Fair trade teas:
A tea that is certified by an international agency as having been grown on a farm that is part of a Fair Trade working cooperative. Fair Trade certification works to allow farmers to warrant a fair price for their goods and at the same time upholds specific standards for the wages and living and working conditions of its workers.

公平贸易茶:公平贸易茶是被国际机构公平贸易组织(FLO)认证,产自属于经营公平贸易的合作社的农场的茶叶。公平贸易认证致力于使得农民的农产品卖得公平的价格,同时支持针对农民的生产生活条件,工资标准所制定的具体规定。

香霖谈小注:
也许有不少人对公平贸易这个概念还比较陌生,尤其是国内的生产企业,但是如果你留心的话就会发现其实它早已就在我们身边,来自于婺源县溪头乡的一篇报道让我感触很多,当地茶农协会在公平贸易组织的帮助下,生产生活各方面都有了很大的变化。
现在国际市场上有很多公平贸易产品,比如茶叶,大米,小麦。有很多印度茶叶企业开始在美国申请公平贸易产品的认证。目前一些大的印度红茶企业也开始关注这个运动,因为其认证内容越来越多的与有机,低农残等相关联,目前60%的Fair Trade 茶拥有有机茶叶的证书,这是让消费者放心购买的条件之一。不少国外茶叶零售企业,零售店已开始朝着销售百分之百公平贸易茶的方向发展,这很值得我们国内茶叶界关注。国内的企业加入公平贸易团体来推广自己的产品是一个走向国际市场的很好的方式,不过一个企业的产品被认证为公平贸易产品,要达到的要求不少。不过门槛也远没我们一些人想象的那么高。

在消费者心目中强调环保和劳资关系是美国人的一贯做法,国内的茶叶要在国际市场建立品牌,树立良好形象,可以从Fair Trade中得到启示。印度的马凯巴里社也正在着手加入Fair Trade ,他的社会公益活动--大吉岭白内障手术日本支援队从2003年开始,到去年已经坚持了4年了。大吉岭地区电力不足,很多妇女患有白内障,日本的马凯巴里代理商便开始组织日本的医务人员去大吉岭,为当地人免费作手术...

鉴于国内很多人对公平贸易的不了解,再补充一些资料:

这是公平贸易组织网站首页上的内容:
Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) is a non-profit, multi stakeholder association involving 23 member organizations (Labelling Initiatives and Producer Networks), traders and external experts. The organization develops and reviews Fairtrade standards and provides support to Fairtrade Certified Producers by assisting them in gaining and maintaining Fairtrade certification and capitalizing on market opportunities.
翻译如下:
国际公平贸易标签组织是一个多方参与,共同担当的非营利性组织,包括二十三个成员组织(标签倡议者组织和生产者网络组织),以及贸易商和组织外的专家。该组织制定和审议公平贸易标准,为经该组织认证的生产者提供帮助,包括帮助他们取得和每年通过公平贸易的认证,以及充分利用市场机会。
以下帖子也不错,只是比较老了,03年的,有兴趣的可以参考。
中国商家可借“公平贸易”标识打开欧美市场

2009年4月23日星期四

Tea Dictionary (2) 字母 D E

Darjeeling: This tea district in northeast India is best known for its brisk and floral black teas.

大吉岭:印度东北部茶产区,以出产口味甘醇,富有花香味的红茶著称.

Dust: The smallest and usually lower quality grade of tea commonly used in commercial teabags.

茶末:最细碎的通常也是最低质量等级的茶叶,通常用于质量低劣的袋泡茶中.

Dust tea is a low-quality grade of fine grained black tea. Traditionally these were treated as the rejects of the manufacturing process in making high quality leaf tea like the Orange Pekoe. When leaves break or get crushed during the manufacturing process they are variously labelled as Broken Orange Pekoe, Fannings and dust based on the particle size. The smaller the particle, the lower the quality.

This traditionally low quality tea has however experienced a huge demand in the developing world in the last century as the practice of tea drinking became popular. Cheap tea stalls in India and the South Asian sub-continent, and Africa prefer dust tea because it is cheap and also produces a very strong brew - consequently more cups are obtained per measure of tea dust. (extracted from wikipedia)


茶末是一种质量等级低的微小颗粒状的红茶.传统上,茶末被看作在制作高档条型茶诸如橙黄白毫的过程中的下脚料.在制茶过程中,茶叶会被压碎,破裂,根据所形成的颗粒尺寸的不同,它们各自被标注为碎橙黄白毫,茶片,和茶末.颗粒越小,等级越低.
在上世纪,随着饮茶日渐风尚,这种传统意义上低档的茶叶在发展中国家却需求强劲.廉价茶叶在印度和南亚次大陆滞销,但在非洲却颇受欢迎因为廉价而且茶汤口味较重,结果,茶末含量越高,可以泡的杯数越多.(译直维基百科)

Earl Grey: A black tea scented with citrus oil from the Bergamot orange.

格雷伯爵茶:用提炼于香柠檬的一种柠檬油调味的红茶.

以下是一段摘直维基百科的关于格雷伯爵茶的描述,英文维基的叙述还不错,摘录如下并给出我的翻译,而中文版维基就不敢恭维了,竟然有火药绿茶的说法,令人瞠目.(茶叶界都知道浙江安徽一带所产珠茶在国际社会声名远扬,当年不知哪位前辈把珠茶妙译成gunpowder(黑色火药),从此Gunpowder一直沿用至今)

Earl Grey tea is a tea blend with a distinctive flavour and aroma derived from the addition of oil extracted from the rind of the bergamot orange, a fragrant citrus fruit. extracted from Wikipedia

格雷伯爵茶是一种拼配茶,其独特的风味和芳香来源于加入的一种柠檬油,这种柠檬油萃取于香柠檬的外皮,香柠檬是一种柑桔类的芳香的水果.

Traditionally the term "Earl Grey" was applied only to black tea; however, today the term is also applied to green teas, including white tea and oolong, and tisanes, such as rooibos, that contain oil of bergamot, or a bergamot flavour. Because of Earl Grey's aroma and Twinings' distinctive packaging in England with Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, the tea is sometimes called "Old Stinky". extracted from Wikipedia

传统上,格雷伯爵茶这个用语只用于红茶,然而,当今,这个用语也可用于加入了柠檬香油,或者带有香柠檬口味的绿茶,包括乌龙茶,白茶和香草茶,像南非红灌木茶.由于格雷伯爵茶的芳香和顿宁社在伦敦印有查尔斯.格雷,格雷二世伯爵的独具特色的包装,格雷伯爵茶有时也被戏称做"臭老东西"


English breakfast tea: A brisk and lively black tea, traditionally Keemuns from
China and often including China congou blends and Ceylon blends. These teas are
frequently served with milk and sugar.

英国早餐茶:一种甘醇的红茶,传统上是来自于中国的祁门红茶,常常包括拼配的中国工夫茶和拼配的锡兰茶,这些茶常常加牛奶和糖饮用.

2009年4月22日星期三

Tea Dictionary (1) 字母 A B C

This is a huge task intended to compile a comprehensive bilingual tea dictionary shared by everybody.If you can contribute to it,your participation will be greatly appreciated.

有感于目前茶叶资料的匮乏和凌乱,有的甚至错误百出,在这我将整理一部分的资料,先从一部字典开始,旨在和大家一起学习和共享,这项工程比较浩大,在此希望得到你的帮助,能够提供你整理收集的资料固然万分欢喜,不过就是一个纠正勘误,一个补充也是令人感激的.

A

Artisan teas: Often refers to premium, full-leaf white, green, and black teas that
are hand-sewn into intricate blossoms or rosettes; they require no tea bag or
strainer and “bloom” when steeped; sometimes referred to as flowering teas,
peonies, or anemones.

工艺花茶:通常指的是高档,整叶的白茶,绿茶和红茶,手工缝制成精制的花状;冲泡不需要用茶包或者滤网;
有时也被称做花型茶,牡丹茶,银莲花茶.

Assam: This state in India is the largest tea-producing district in the world and is
best known for its variety of black teas.

阿萨姆:印度的一个州,世界最大的茶叶产区,以其所产红茶著称.

Black tea: The foremost tea sold worldwide. Prepared from green tealeaves that
have been allowed to fully ferment and wither. Brews a reddish-orange or reddish-brown
infusion.

红茶:世界上出售的主要茶种,由绿茶叶经过充分萎凋和发酵制成,茶汤显红橙色或红棕色.

Blend: Two or more varietals of tea blended together.

拼配茶:两种或者更多种类的茶叶配制而成.

Caffeine: A stimulant contained in tea, which can boost the heart rate and alertness
and, in elevated quantities, can lead to restlessness or insomnia.

咖啡因: 茶叶中的一种刺激性物质,可以加快心率,使人兴奋,量大的话,可导致失眠或者休息不好.

Ceylon: These black teas are from Sri Lanka, one of the largest tea exporters
worldwide.

锡兰茶:产自斯里兰卡的红茶,斯里兰卡为世界上最大的茶叶出口国之一.

Cha: The word for the Chinese and Japanese character referring to tea.

茶:源于汉字和日本文字中茶这个字.

Chai: A popular tea drink made from strong black tea, milk, sugar, and spices.

Chai茶(查阅了一些资料,感觉目前没有对应的固定的中文翻译,欢迎提出你的意见)
用口味浓重的红茶,牛奶,糖和香料制成的一种流行饮料.

Chanoyu: The Japanese tea ceremony, literally meaning "hot water tea," which
celebrates the beauty and mundane aspects of everyday life.

Chanoyu:日本的一种茶道仪式,字面意思是热水茶,旨在颂扬日常生活中的美和平淡.

The common international criteria for black tea grading

Most people in tea industry know there is wide difference in tea grading between China and international community.Now I introduce the international criteria here for your reference and I will add more knowledge later on this subject to make it comprehensive.I invite your comment and complement to help me accomplish the task.

国际红茶等级一般为:
OP:Orange Pekoe,橙黄白毫 通常指的是叶片较长而完整的茶叶.
BOP:Broken Orange Pekoe,碎橙黄白毫 顾名思义,较细碎的OP.滋味较浓重,一般适合用来冲泡奶茶.
FOP:Flowery Orange Pekoe,花橙黄白毫 含有较多芽的红茶.
TGFOP:Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe,含有较多金黄芽叶的红茶,滋味香气叶更清芬悠扬.
FTGFOP:Fine Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe,经精制而成的高品质茶叶.
SFTGFOP:Super Fine Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe,多了Super,意义不言而喻.
CTC:Crush Tear Curl,在经过萎调,揉捻后,利用专门的机器将茶叶碾碎(Crush),撕裂(Tear),卷曲(Curl),使之成为极小的颗粒状,利于在极短的时间内冲泡出茶汁,所以常用于袋泡茶(teabag).

补充些CTC方面的知识
如同传统制茶有OP(FOP),BOP,BOPF,D四个等级一样,CTC制茶也有BP,PF,PD,D等等级,从产区比例上看,比如99%的茶叶是CTC的肯尼亚,大约65%是CTCPF1(Pekoe fannings One)锡兰茶以传统方式为主,BOP和BOPF占70%。国内消费,印度也是如此,老百姓喝dust多。很多CTC茶在拍卖时可以卖到好价,是因为尽管是CTC茶,在采摘,萎凋这两个
过程中与传统方法是一样的,特别是CTC-OF,如果用这样的CTC作出的袋泡茶,属于比较高质量的
袋茶,所以不能简单的下结论,说袋泡茶都是下脚料的。例如BOPCTC,这类CTC
是做完BOP茶筛剩下的再拿去作CTC,比较近似我们所说的下脚料,价格比较底,口感也很平淡。
可能话扯远了,如果不得不用袋泡茶的时候,还是选择稍微贵一点又品牌比较好的来买好一些。CTC红茶,大多数为肯亚、印度所产。国内虽然也有,但是无论从CTC红茶所占国内红茶的产量,还是中国产CTC所占国际市场的份额来看,量都是非常少的。

国内部分袋泡茶的品质确实不高,就是把红茶的片碎再加工直接装袋,且拼配技术也比较弱。

袋泡茶品质要求:浓、强、鲜,在这方面国内也和国外的袋泡存在很大的差距。

2009年4月20日星期一

Annual output and falsification


The report released by Keemun Black Tea Association showed the annual output of Keemun Black Tea in 2006 amounted to 2409 tons among which the quantity of the first top grade HAO YA A(毫芽A) is only 2 tons and the second top grade Hao Ya B (毫芽B) 10 tons.According to the statistic we gathered, the year-to-year output increase is around 7%,with a growth rate of about 3% in both Keemun Hao Ya A and B.
Compared to Darjeeling teas or Ceylon teas,the quantity of Keemun Black Tea produced each year is very low,not enough to meet the huge demand.
The consequence…
Many factories take advantage of Keemun's celebrity status to profiteer.Their teas differ much in flavor and taste from Keemun ,even not reaching the basic standards of Keemun Tea.I think it is why somebody told me "I can't see why Keemun is a famous tea?".The words really hurt me but also spur me to work against falsification and protect the fame of Keemun Black Tea.Now china has lagged behind India in protecting work.We should make efforts to make a change.
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